Albania
It is mainly people that have never been to Albania who are responsible
for the country's bad press. Those who discover Albania for themselves
usually return singing the praises of its friendly, tolerant people,
its fascinating Ottoman cities and other historical sites and its magnificent
mountain scenery and charming villages. Albania has something to offer
almost everyone. Hikers will love the Albanian Alps or the Tomorri
massif, whilst cyclists will find a network of ancient tracks criss-crossing
the country. Those who are interested in archaeology can spend hours
in the complex sites of Butrint and Byllis. History-lovers can explore
ancient castles, Ottoman fortresses and the museum cities of Berati
and Gjirokastra. Art connoisseurs should visit the little-known medieval
churches, with their beautiful frescoes, and the icon collections in
Tirana, Korça and Berati. And gourmets will enjoy the delicious
seafood, mountain lamb, organic fruit and vegetables and, of course,
Albania's excellent wine. More
about Albania
Andorra
Almost hidden in the eastern Pyrenees, the tiny Principality of Andorra
is a land of narrow valleys and mountainous landscapes, bordered by
France and Spain. Most of the settlements can be found along the main
road that traverses the country - many villages or hamlets are filled
with Romanesque churches and houses built in the local style. Others,
off the main road, are even more unspoilt, and provide spectacular
views across the rugged countryside. Andorra is one of the oldest nations
in Europe, originally established by Charlemagne as a buffer state
against the Iberian Muslims. As a result of the Paretages of 1278 and
1288, control of the country was split between the Spanish Bishop of
Urgell and a nominee appointed by the King of France (initially the
Count de Foix) and subsequently by the French emperors and presidents.
This unique power-sharing arrangement lasted until the late 20th century
when the present constitution formally enshrined Andorra as a principality. More
about Andorra
Austria
Austria is a country of startling contrasts, from the Alps in the west
to the Danube Basin in the east. One of the world's premier skiing
regions, it is also noted for its historical buildings, world-class
museums and galleries, and breathtaking mountain scenery. The country's
glorious architectural riches include reminders of the once-powerful
Hapsburgs, who dominated central Europe for seven centuries. The capital,
Vienna, is magnificent with its ornate Opera House and the imperial
Hofburg. Austria's other cities are similarly infused with historical
magic, notably Mozart's birthplace, Salzburg, with stunning baroque
churches set before a backdrop of snow-covered peaks, and Innsbruck,
in the center of Austria's Alps. Austria has produced and inspired
a catalogue of cultural figures. During the 17th and 18th centuries,
Austria - and, in particular, Vienna - became a focal point of the
cultural renaissance. Remnants of Mozart's legacy are everywhere. However,
Austria has also yielded people such as artists Klimt and Schiele,
composers Mahler and Schubert, psychologists Freud and Rank, and philosophers
such as Husserl and Wittgenstein. Austria is a hothouse of striking
contemporary architecture and is at the forefront of engineering, invention
and design. It enjoys an enduring reputation for music, literature
and the arts; visitors are just as likely to find Alpine New Wave punk-rock
as they are yodelling. Gourmet culture is evident in the cafes where
coffee-drinking has been raised to a high art. Nightlife is versatile,
offering laid-back taverns, beer gardens and excellent après-ski,
trendy clubs and dance venues. Celebrations marking events such as
the recent 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth and Haydn's 200th anniversary
in 2009 underline Austria's desire to embrace its rich past. Yet it
also proudly fosters its contemporary cultural and social scene. Regardless,
staring at a classic Austrian landscape is a reminder that some things
are timeless. More
about Austria
Belgium
Belgium always had a lot more going for it than the faceless political
and bureaucratic buildings that litter the outskirts of its capital,
Brussels, would have you believe. A string of engaging historic cities
such as Bruges, Ghent, Liège, Namur (and Brussels itself)offer
impressive architecture, lively nightlife, first-rate cuisine and numerous
other attractions for visitors. Today, the anachronistic images of ‘boring
Belgium’ have been well and truly banished, as more and more
people discover its very individual charms for themselves. There is
reinvented Antwerp, a hot bed of fashion and slick modern design, along
with the more bucolic charms of the beautiful mountainous Ardennes
region to the east, and the delightfully picturesque Meuse Valley as
well as the sweeping sand of the coastline resorts of the western seaboard.
Belgium is also a land whose specialties include ubiquitous beers,
delicate chocolates, moules frites and Belgian waffles. Easy to both
access and to travel around, pocket-sized Belgium is divided into the
Flemish north (Flemish-speaking) and the Walloon south (French-speaking).
Brussels, the capital, is the heart of both the country and the European
Union, as well as the headquarters of NATO. Belgium’s democracy
is of the typically stable, cautiously progressive, western-European
liberal type. The principal domestic problem is continuing tension
between the Flemish-speaking north and the French-speaking south of
the country. However, throughout the years, Belgium has evolved towards
an efficient federal system. Five reforms have been necessary to achieve
this (in 1970, 1980, 1988-89, 1993 and2001). In 2005, Belgium celebrated
25 years of federalism and for the first time ever, article one of
the Belgian Constitution stated that ’Belgium is a federal state
made out of communities and regions’. More
about Belgium
Bosnia & Herzegovina
When thinking of Bosnia & Herzegovina, it is difficult not to focus
on the Yugoslav wars that blighted the Balkan region for much of the
1990s. At a loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, huge landmass was
shredded into civil combat. Much of Bosnia & Herzegovina’s
landscape is still riddled with mines, and ramshackle buildings loll
across its towns and villages. However, the country remains beautiful,
and its winding aqua rivers have lost none of their lustre. Although
economic stagnation and international isolation is yet to be overcome,
there is positive history in abundance, from stunning old mosques to
amphitheatres and Catholic shrines. Countryside varies from woodland
to mountains to rolling hills. Perhaps most wonderful is the rebuilt
bridge in Mostar - what used to be a pre-war ancient overpass. Now re-opened
to the public, it is hard not to walk across it and hope it symbolic
of new beginnings. More
about Bosnia & Herzegovina
Croatia
With a 1778km (1105m) mainland coastline, over 1,000 islands (47 of which
are inhabited) and a mild Mediterranean climate, Croatia is one of
Europe's top seaside destinations. But it's more than just sea and
sunshine. Overlooking the clear blue waters of the Adriatic, picture-perfect,
historic walled cities such as Dubrovnik, Split and Trogir (all UNESCO
World Heritage sites) add a cultural dimension. And don't forget the
elegant Venetian-era settlements of Hvar Town and Korcula Town on the
Dalmatian islands, the Vienna Secession style grand hotels of Opatija
in Kvarner, and the golden Byzantine mosaics of Porec's St Euphrasius
Basilica in Istria. Add to this exquisite fresh seafood and you're
really on holiday. Inland towns and cities Moving back from the coast,
the undulating hills in inland Istria are best explored in spring or
autumn. Expect romantic, medieval, fortified hill towns such as Motovun
and Groýnjan, quality local wines and a sophisticated, Italian-style
cuisine noted for black and white truffles. In contrast, the country's
capital, Zagreb, is truly Central European. Everything from the architecture
to the hearty culinary offer reflects the region's centuries-old ties
with Austro-Hungary. Zagreb also makes a good base for visiting the
historic castles and vineyards of Zagorje. Croatia adventure and activities
Croatia is also emerging as an adventure destination. The rugged mountain
ranges of Northern Velebit National Park are a haven for hiking and
rock climbing alike, while the Cetina Valley makes a challenging venue
for white-water rafting. And the Adriatic offers ideal conditions for
sailing, scuba-diving and sea-kayaking. Those in search of a more restful
holiday can enjoy hours of sunshine on the beach - consider the fine
golden shingle of Zlatni Rat on Brac, or the sweeping pebble beach
of Baška on Krk. And remember, as Europe's top naturist destination,
Croatia is one place you can finally get that all-over tan. More
about Croatia
Czech Republic
A historic jewel hidden away at the heart of Europe, the Czech Republic
packs a lot of punch for such a small country. No bigger than Scotland
or South Carolina, it’s crammed with fairytale castles, medieval
towns, elegant spa resorts and scenic national parks. And on top of
all that, it’s the birthplace of the world’s finest beer.
Part of Czechoslovakia until the ’Velvet Divorce’ of 1993,
the Czech Republic encompasses the ancient lands of Bohemia and Moravia,
and boasts a rich cultural heritage represented by the likes of classical
composer Antonin Dvorak and writer Franz Kafka. Almost everyone who
visits the Czech Republic goes to Prague, with its imposing castle,
great museums and galleries, jazz clubs and concerts and other attractions.
Many day trips are possible from here, including the spa resort of
Karlovy Vary, the historic towns of Melník and Kutná Hora,
and castles like Karlštejn and Konopište. But the rest
of the country has just as much to offer the independent traveller,
with no fewer than 11 UNESCO World Heritage sites including the picture-postcard
town of Ceský Krumlov, the chateaux and landscaped gardens of
Lednice-Valtice, and the Renaissance architecture of Telc. Among the
most beautiful scenic areas are the Šumava National Park in
the southwest, which takes in the forested mountains and lakes around
the headwaters of the Vltava River, the weird and wonderful rock pinnacles
and gorges of the Adršpach-Teplice Rocks in the northeast, and
the spectacular caves and underground rivers of the Moravian Karst
in the southeast. The rich agricultural area of Moravia in the eastern
half of the country offers rolling ranges of wooded hills, vineyards,
folk art and yet more castles. Here wine is more popular than beer
- a specialty of Bohemia - and life moves at an even more relaxed pace. More
about Czech Republic
England
England’s eventful history and scenic diversity render it one of
the world’s most popular visitor destinations. United as a single
nation over 1,000 years ago, its origins go back to the dawn of civilization,
and the variety of interest it offers reflects this. From prehistoric
Stonehenge to 21st-century attractions like the London Eye, its inhabitants
have contributed much to the appeal of the UK’s largest constituent
country. This is not restricted to a material legacy either – England’s
cultural mix is rich, thanks to the many invaders, settlers and immigrants
who have arrived on its shores through the millennia. Countless others
around the globe share aspects of customs, language and history with
the English themselves. England’s heritage, and therefore its appeal
as a destination, is many-faceted and deeply rooted, ranging from the
literary genius of Shakespeare to ‘everyday’ pageantry in
the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace. The variety and contrast
in the nation’s countryside is enormous too, and is often a source
of surprise to visitors venturing beyond the cities for the first time – as
is the vast range of visitor attractions, resorts and sights to see and
enjoy. England is a country of patchwork landscapes: from the rugged
coastlines and golden beaches of Devon and Cornwall, to the craggy mountains
of the Peak District, ancient forests riddled with folklore, to the picturesque
Lake District, and from great cities to centuries-old villages. England
is welcoming, friendly, fascinating and fun, where pomp and circumstance
balance the often bizarre idiosyncrasies of its people, and a sense of
humour is the passport to certain acceptance. More
about England
Denmark
Jutland and its 400 surrounding islands form one of Europe’s smallest
countries. Denmark has an abundance of picturesque villages and towns,
historic castles and monuments, and a coastline that varies from broad
sandy beaches to small coves and gentle fjords. Throughout the country,
low rolling hills provide a constant succession of attractive views;
there are cool and shady forests of beech trees, extensive areas of heath
land, a beautiful lake district, sand dunes and white cliffs resembling
those of Dover; nor should one forget the Danish islands, each of which
has its own unique attractions. The Danes have taken strong measures
to keep their coastline clean and tidy, keen for visitors to sample the
many unspoilt beaches. Inland from the 4,800km (3,000 miles) of beaches
and unspoiled islands, you’ll find a landscape eminently suitable
for cycling. Ferries ply between the mainland and the islands, competing
with awesome bridges like the 16km (10 miles) link to Sweden. Ranks of
huge white wind turbines are a feature of the modern Danish landscape.
Amidst such tranquillity, it now seems almost surreal to consider that
this country once spawned a notoriously violent seafaring race of people,
the Vikings, feared throughout northwest Europe. Today, visitors to Denmark
find a country that is peaceful, introspective, neutral and egalitarian.
Its hallmarks are world-class design and uniformly high standards that
apply equally to its accommodation and transport. Cuisine is excellent,
especially in the realm of dairy products and scrumptious pastries. Add
to this a people both amiable and helpful, with a facility for languages,
and the result is an overwhelming sense of welcome. Copenhagen is a wonderful
cobblestoned city with many quaint medieval streets and buildings, but
there is more to Denmark than its capital, and any visitor to the country
is strongly advised to explore elsewhere too. More
about Denmark
Estonia
The most scenic of the three Baltic States, Estonia is a nation famed
for its enormous forests, beautiful wetlands and remote offshore islands
as well as for being one of Europe's most friendly and forward-thinking
nations.
Tallinn
With its gorgeous medieval capital Tallinn attracting city breakers looking
for a combination of grandiose architecture and happening nightlife,
and its primeval forests and lake lands thrilling nature lovers, Estonia
has become one of the hottest new travel discoveries in Eastern Europe.
Landscape
Estonia is an unspoilt, sparsely populated country, nearly half of which
is covered with forests. Wetlands, together with primeval forests,
represent preserved communities which have for the most part been destroyed
in Europe. More than 1,000 lakes (5% of the Estonian territory) dot
the countryside, which is relatively flat - almost two thirds of the
territory lies less than 50m (164ft) above sea level. While 7,000 rivers
and streams carry rainwater to the sea, bogs and wooded swamplands
of different types cover over one fifth of the country - a world index
topped only by the northern neighbour, Finland.
History
Estonia's history, like that of its Baltic neighbours, has been one almost
singly devoted to maintaining independence from its powerful neighbours,
most notably Russia. Annexed by Stalin in 1940, Estonia never entirely
became the Soviet republic it might have done, retaining its language
and culture far more strongly than many other members of the USSR.
At the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia embraced independence
enthusiastically and in less than two decades has undergone a transformation
from lumbering communist society to gleaming example of forward-thinking
transitional economy. Now an EU and NATO member, the future looks increasingly
bright for this little-known but much-loved Baltic gem. More
about Estonia
Finland
Finland, the quiet sibling of the Nordic countries, has a down-to-earth
natural purity that makes it an exceptionally rewarding place to visit.
Across the south, cultural differences reflect a turbulent history.
The picturesque Swedish-speaking wooden towns of the west coast and
the onion-domed Orthodox churches of Karelia in the east speak of Finland’s
oft-repeated role as the rope in a tug of war between Sweden and Russia.
In the middle were the stoic Finns, a loyal and warm-hearted people
with a gloriously independent and idiosyncratic streak. Even the urban
technocrats love to get back to basics, chopping wood or hunting for
mushrooms from their lakeside cabins. In far-northern Lapland, the
Sámi people still herd their reindeer in the vast swathes of
sparsely populated wilderness - at least when they’re not podcasting:
Finland is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the
world. It is also renowned for its design and architecture, particularly
strong in the capital Helsinki, a clean, modern and buzzy place, with
a strong tradition of artistic and musical innovation and a beautiful
coastline and harbor. Finland is shaped by its climate, and Finns take
advantage of their short but intense summers. The country explodes
into life with a bewildering array of festivals and celebrations, ranging
from Savonlinna’s prestigious opera extravaganza to the tongue-in-cheek
humour of the Air Guitar World Championships. Fabulous forests and
lakes cover almost 80% of the country and this, plus the excellent
network of national parks, makes it a tempting destination for outdoor
enthusiasts. Trekking and canoeing are obvious choices, but a trip
in winter can offer cross-country skiing, ice-fishing, snowmobiling
or a sled safari with a team of huskies or reindeer. And it is hard
to beat a traditional wood-fired sauna at the end of the day. More
about Finland
France
The world's number one tourist destination, France is a country of contrasts
with a multitude of landscapes, offering holidays to suit all tastes
and budgets. Whether you fancy a spot of shopping on the chic boulevards
of Paris or a winter sport break on the sparkling ski slopes of the
Alps, a relaxing beach weekend on the sun-baked Riviera or a holiday
exploring the fairy tale castles of the Loire Valley on a bike, the
choice is vast. Indeed it's the many attractions of this compelling
country that draw millions of visitors back year after year, an increasing
number of whom (not least Brits) purchase property there. Undiscovered
France Perennially popular Provence, with its lavender fields and warm
climate, and Paris, arguably the most romantic city in the world, top
the list in terms of visitor numbers, but other less well-known regions
are also well worth exploring. Delightful Franche-Comté, Gascony
or Berry, deep in the green heart of France, are firmly rooted in the
land, with sleepy villages typical of provincial France, while unspoilt
and rugged Corsica, also known as ‘l'île de beauté'
('the island of beauty'), offers all the charm of the Mediterranean
without the crowds. Gastro France is also famous for its culinary traditions,
and the French take pride in their food. From freshly baked bread and
croissants for breakfast, to a five course dinner in a gourmet restaurant
(at a fraction of the price you'd pay back home), this savoir-faire
is a way of life. A trip to France is also a trip for the taste buds. ‘How
could one describe a country which has 365 kinds of cheese?' once asked
De Gaulle. Indeed. Sit back, relax, open a bottle of wine (French of
course) and tuck in - you'll no doubt come back for more. More
about France
Germany
Wherever you venture in Germany, there is something interesting to see
or do. It is a goldmine for the adventurous tourist in search of something
different to the norm. The country has now firmly shaken off the shadows
of its 20th century past, regained a sense of national pride, and breathed
a sigh of relief at its new-found ability to express its distinctive
national character again. Modern Germany has come of age, and while
it is still suffering the economic consequences of reunification in
October 1990, Europe’s most populous country is clearly a nation
coming to terms with itself. Massive investment in the long-neglected
infrastructure of the former East is paying off, as cities like Dresden
once more begin to shine like the jewels they were in the past. The
country is the product of a long history of division, first as a loose
collection of independent (and often warring) states before original
unification during the 19th century, and latterly as West and communist
East Germany following WWII. For this reason alone, it is a country
of remarkable diversity, with cultural differences clearly evident
as one travels around the various states that make up the modern Federal
Republic. Germany boasts a heady mix of history and nature, fine arts
and youthful rebellion. Its capital, Berlin, has a reputation gained
from its decades as a divided city, as a hedonistic, ‘on the
edge’ community where almost anything goes. In contrast, the
quiet academic surroundings of historic university cities like Heidelberg,
convey a peacefulness quite at odds with the atmosphere of the capital. More
about Germany
Gibraltar
Known as the the ’Rock’, Gibraltar contains 143 caves, over
48km (30 miles) of road and miles of tunnels. From rock touring, to sailing,
diving, fishing and bird watching, visitors will be pleasantly surprised
with the diverse range of attractions on offer in Gibraltar. Located
at the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula, where Europe meets
Africa, visitors are also assured of breathtaking scenery, wildlife and
architecture, that captures the unique flavour of this Mediterranean
city. As a VAT-free jurisdiction, Gibraltar’s popularity with visitors
is further enhanced by its value added shopping experience in famed Main
Street. Gibraltar derives from Gibel Tariq (Tariq’s Mountain) which
is named after Tariq Ibn Zeyad who led the eighth-century conquest of
Spain by a combined force of Arabs and Berbers crossing from Africa.
Gibraltar’s unusual status was not acquired until almost 1,000
years later, long after the Islamic invaders had been driven out by the
Spanish, as a consequence of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht which brought
to an end the War of the Spanish Succession and gave the territory to
Britain. The British interpretation of the treaty moreover holds that
the territory was ceded to them indefinitely. The presence of a foreign-owned
mini-state on the Spanish mainland has been an irritant to Anglo-Spanish
relations ever since. In response to the latest round of talks between
London and Madrid which began in 2001 and explored in detail possible
joint sovereignty models, the Gibraltar government led by Peter Caruana
organized a referendum in November 2002 to assess the popular mood. As
expected, it returned a huge majority in favour of the status quo. More
about Gibraltar
Greece
Often cited as the birthplace of European civilization, Greece offers
a heady mix of ancient archaeological sites, chic design hotels, rustic
tavernas, family-orientated seaside resorts and hedonistic dance clubs.
Ancient Greece reached its zenith in the fifth century BC when Athens
became the cultural and artistic center of the Mediterranean, producing
magnificent works of architecture, sculpture, drama and literature.
There is no denying that the historical and cultural heritage of Greece
continues to resonate throughout the modern Western world - in its
literature, art, philosophy and politics. In fact, many travellers
come here specifically to explore Greece's ancient wonders, from Athens'
Parthenon and Delphi's Temple of Apollo, to the ruins of the Minóan
city of Knossós on Crete. Scattered throughout the calm blue
waters of the Aegean and the Ionian are Greece's 1,400 islands - each
with its own special story. The serenity of islands like Kefalonia
and Amorgos contrasts with the hedonistic party islands such as Mykonos
and Páros. Those interested in architecture should visit the
medieval fortified towns of Rhodes and Corfu (both UNESCO World Heritage
sites), and the whitewashed cubic houses of Thira and Oia on Santorini,
typical of the Cyclades. Sports enthusiasts will relish the Greek islands
for their endless opportunities for scuba diving and sailing (there's
no better way to explore the islands than aboard a chartered yacht),
while keen hikers and mountain bikers can test their stamina in the
rugged mountains of the country's largest island, Crete. And let's
not forget, Greece's previous glory in sports was restored when the
Olympic Games returned home in 2004. More
about Greece
Hungary
The small country of Hungary (Magyarország), surrounded by a sea
of Slavs, is unique for its language, culture and ability to survive.
Settled by the Magyars (a Finno-Ugric tribe who arrived via Russia in
the ninth century), the country and its people have remained true to
their heritage despite Mongol invasion in the 13th century, Turkish occupation
in the 16th and 17th centuries, Austrian rule in the 18th and early 19th
centuries, and communist domination in the mid 20th century. The pride
locals have for their nation is immense, but it doesn’t spring
solely from the stalwart strength of their nation. Hungary is also home
to historic urban centres and evocative landscapes, not to mention quality
wines, rejuvenating thermal springs, and a thriving arts and music scene.
Budapest, the capital, is a fantastic city split in two by the Danube.
Buda is older, hillier, and more graceful, while Pest is the commercial
center dotted by gorgeous art nouveau buildings. Budapest contains the
country’s best bars and clubs, and has been a long time haven for
writers, artists and musicians. Other centres, such as Eger, Pécs,
Szentendre and Sopron, to name but a few, are vibrant cities with rich
histories and stunning architecture. The Puszta, a seemingly unending
prairie topped by big skies, is the country’s defining landscape,
but Hungary’s outdoor beauty doesn’t stop there. There are
11 national parks and hundreds of protected areas to explore, along with
Lake Balaton, Europe’s largest body of fresh water, a multitude
of meandering rivers and thousands of acres of vineyards and orchards.
And at the end of a hard day sightseeing, there’s no better place
to relax than in one of Hungary’s 150 thermal spas, some of which
date back to Roman days. More
about Hungary
Ireland
As far as tourist appeal goes, the small island of Ireland punches far
above its own weight. The country is so packed with delights that visitors
are often reduced to describing its charms in hyperbolic clichés:
it is the greenest country, full of the friendliest people, all of
whom would be geniuses if they weren’t distracted by the lure
of the pub. Ireland is indeed a green country - so much rainfall must
have its benefits - and the people are justifiably renowned for their
friendliness. As for the geniuses, well, the Irish will proudly point
to their four Nobel Laureates for Literature and declare that the success
rate is unmatched in any other country of its size, all the while ensuring
that the sacred ’round’ system (where everyone buys a drink
for everyone else in turn) is strictly adhered to. Yet Ireland’s
charms run far deeper than the legendary craic of the pub or the accomplishments
of a bunch of (mostly) dead writers. It has a remarkable history that
is woven into virtually everything, from the prehistoric stone monuments
of the Boyne Valley to the monuments honouring its fallen patriots,
men and women who dared challenge the imperious might of its longtime
occupier and contemporary friend, Britain. It has a vibrant and dynamic
capital, Dublin, which has spearheaded a stunning period of economic
growth that has seen the country transformed from rural backwater to
the envy of Europe. As a result, the Irish have grown in worldliness
that continues to propel them to greater heights of achievement. Even
the thorniest issue of all - Northern Ireland - has seen a kind of
resolution and Ireland looks to the future with untrammelled confidence. More
about Ireland
Iceland
Wild, rugged and colourful, Iceland, ‘the land of ice and fire',
is a country like no other: a contrasting landscape of black lava fields,
red sulphur vents, boiling blue geysers and green valleys. Bays and fjords
dot the coast, while in the interior rivers and waterfalls abound. Iceland's
volcanoes A large island in the North Atlantic close to the Arctic Circle,
Iceland is one of the most volcanically active countries in the world.
Hekla, in the south of Iceland, has erupted no fewer than 16 times, and
was once described by clergymen as the gateway to Hell. Certainly, Iceland's
seething mountains contribute to this sense of otherworldliness. Reykjavík
Around the coastal regions, Iceland is a bustle of activity, particularly
in the capital city, Reykjavík, where more than half of Iceland's
population lives. Reykjavík is set on a broad bay, surrounded
by mountains, and is in an area of geothermal hot springs, creating a
natural central heating system and pollution-free environment. It is
a busy city combining old-fashioned wooden architecture and modern buildings.
Despite being a relatively small capital city, Reykjavík has managed
to forge a reputation for partying, and its nightclubs and bars are regularly
filled with hordes of fun-loving citizens. Icelandic activities Whether
you wish to quietly watch for birds or whales, or prefer to get active
and ski, glacier skidoo or horse ride, Iceland amply provides for both. More
about Iceland
Italy
Stylish, cultured, good-humoured and volatile - Italy, with its golden
light, stunning landscapes and rich cultural heritage, has inspired
poets and painters for centuries. Perhaps more than any other country,
it has influenced the course of European development, particularly
in culture and political thought. Today, besides the renowned cities
of Venice, Florence, Siena and Naples, each with its own unique identity
and architecture, Italy features romantic medieval hill towns, such
as San Gimignano in Tuscany, and unspoilt fishing villages, like Positano
on the Amalfi coast. Operatic productions are staged in Verona’s
ancient amphitheatre, while the influence of Federico Fellini is celebrated
in Turin’s museum of cinema. Throughout the country visitors
can find vineyards and cellars to taste fine regional wines, workshops
where crafts are produced by hand, and friendly trattorie where simple
but superb dishes are served. The most important early settlers were
the enigmatic Etruscans, but by the third century BC their culture
had been displaced by the mighty city state of Rome. At its greatest
extent, the Roman Empire stretched from Egypt to England and for several
centuries conferred on its inhabitants the benefits of the Pax Romana:
culture, law, relative peace and comparative prosperity. This sophisticated
society left a rich architectural legacy - Rome is still dominated
by buildings like the mighty Colosseum. In the 15th century, Italy
was at the heart of the Renaissance, an extraordinary flowering of
art and culture. It produced artists such as Fra Angelico, Raphael,
Botticelli, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, whose works take pride
of place in Italy’s galleries. Italy combines art, history and
contemporary fashion with stunning natural landscapes: the turquoise
waters of Sardinia’s Costa Smeralda offer one of Europe’s
most beautiful stretches of sand, sea and sunshine, while the snow-covered
slopes of the Dolomite mountains are a haven for winter sports enthusiasts. More
about Italy
Latvia
Latvia is a small country on the Baltic Sea with ancient history and
traditions. If you want to enjoy nature, there is not only the serene
Gulf of Riga and the open Baltic Sea, but also nature parks, lakes
and beautiful forests. Old Riga offers not only fabulous architectural
monuments, but also various nightclubs and pubs. According to legend,
once every 100 years the devil rears his head from the waters of Riga’s
River Daugava and asks whether Riga is ‘ready’ yet. If
the answer is ‘yes’, the now nearly 900-year-old city will
be condemned to sink into the waters. For now, however, there is no
chance of Latvia being ’ready’ to sink. Long the Baltic
favourite, Latvia is now also beginning to emerge as a tourist destination
further afield, championed as one of Europe’s hidden treasures.
Those who visit will appreciate the small picturesque medieval towns,
country castles, museums and folk parks, ruined fortresses and, occasionally,
grand palaces. They will also appreciate the little Latvian quirks
still entrenched in customs, crafts and culture. More
about Lativa
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein seems to be the forgotten corner of Europe; tucked in between
Switzerland and Austria, this beautiful country is often overlooked,
despite being more than a fair match for its neighbours. In the summer,
hikers and cyclists can traverse the stunning mountain ranges or valleys,
while in winter these same areas offer skiing, ice skating and sledging.
Pretty villages with quaint chapels dot the land, while the capital
Vaduz, with its stunning hill-top castle, has plenty of history, and
shops, to explore. With its intrinsic links to Switzerland and low
tax, Liechtenstein’s population is one of the most prosperous
in the world, so you won’t be the only one smiling when you’re
there. More
about Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Lithuania is a land of castles, lakes and forests. Its landscape consists
of vast plains parted by hills and sand dunes along the Baltic shore.
Its capital, Vilnius, is one of Europe’s most enchanting cities,
owing especially to its Baroque old town. Lithuanian independence came
soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. By 1995, the transition
to a full market economy had been completed. The long-running border
dispute with Poland was settled with the signing of a friendship and
co-operation treaty in January 1992 and negotiations with Russia led
to the withdrawal of the remaining Russian troops in Lithuania in August
1993. It is the largest of the three Baltic states. Since gaining EU
membership in 2004, the country has been placed on the global stage,
encouraging more visitors than ever. More
about Lithuania
Luxembourg
Diminutive Luxembourg owes its continued existence to a mixture of good
fortune and good diplomacy, which have prevented it from being permanently
absorbed into the territories of its larger neighbours. By the time
that Luxembourg’s independence was finally confirmed in 1867,
however, the Grand Duchy was left with such a tiny territory that its
people had to look across its borders for economic survival. This has
resulted in a cosmopolitan attitude, exemplified not only by the fact
that the nation has the highest percentage of foreigners of any EU
country, but also by the trilingual ability of its people. It is an
attractive country with a green and picturesque landscape of rolling
hills and valleys, and many closely packed historical sites. Visitors
will also discover forests, vineyards and striking sandstone rock formations
here. The capital, Luxembourg-Ville, is split into two districts: the
delightful old center (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), complete with
fortress towers, turrets and winding, cobblestone streets; and the
modern downtown area on the Plâteau du Kirchberg, home to Luxembourg’s
renowned international finance businesses. Proud of its role as a founding
member of the EU, Luxembourg sees itself as playing a prominent position
in European affairs and there are a number of European Union institutions
based in Luxembourg-Ville. More
about Luxembourg
Macedonia
Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) is a mountainous land right at
the heart of the Balkans, sprinkled with beautiful valleys and lakes.
It has a rich Hellenic heritage. Its churches and mosques contain many
fine examples of art and architecture from the Byzantine and Ottoman
periods. More
about Macedonia
Moldova
Rich with history and fertile soils that produce abundant vineyards,
Moldova is an unjustifiably forgotten tourist destination, as yet untouched
by the budget airline brigade. In this land-locked eastern European
country, you can wander round vast monasteries, sample the local wines,
or trek through ancient forests. Despite remaining one of the poorest
countries in Europe, the people are friendly and welcoming, and the
main centres, such as the capital Chisinau, have everything a visitor
could need. Chisinau’s cathedrals, monuments and museums survived
severe WWII bombings to the city, including the house where Pushkin
spent his days in exile penning some of his most famous works. More
about Moldova
Monaco
Although the second-smallest independent state in the world, Monaco benefits
from an excellent climate and beautiful settings on the Côte
d’Azur. From the heights of the Tête de Chien or Mont Agel,
or from lower down from the Moyenne-Corniche at the level of the entrance
to the Jardin Exotique, there are a number of panoramic viewpoints
looking out over exceptional scenery. Gamblers flock to the Place du
Casino in Monte-Carlo and every May the principality hosts the renowned
Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is also well located for exploring Provence,
the French Riviera and Italy. In the main harbour, expensive luxury
yachts and boats, which are a permanent fixture, corroborate Monaco’s
reputation as a glamorous destination for the rich and famous. Monaco’s
pleasant climate, reputation and environment as well as the absence
of income or inheritance tax and lack of financial reporting requirements
all contribute to this situation. Tourism is also a major source of
revenue, contributing about 25% of government revenue, as well as being
the mainstay of local retail businesses. The history of Monaco is inseparable
from that of the House of Grimaldi. At various times, they were to
be found allied with almost every power in the region, particularly
during the Italian wars in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
Monaco’s geographical position left them ideally placed to either
help or hinder the repeated and largely unsuccessful attempts by the
kings of France to conquer Italy. This Machiavellian approach – indeed,
Machiavelli himself was in Monaco in the early 16th century to sign
a treaty on behalf of Florence – paid dividends in 1612 when
Honoré II was granted the title of prince by the French crown.
He signed a treaty of friendship with France, and the Principality
remained independent from that time on, despite a brief interruption
during the French Revolution. The family’s motto – ‘Deo
Juvante’ (With God’s Help) – provides another possible
explanation for the survival of this tiny country. Monaco became an
independent state under French protection in 1861. Monaco survives
principally by providing tax concessions and discreet banking facilities
for wealthy foreigners, and this has recently led to spats with France
and difficulties with the wider world. Despite being ‘named and
shamed’ by inclusion on an Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development blacklist of seven countries that have failed to take
adequate measures to deal with the money-laundering and multi-national
fraud problems in 2002, Monaco attracts many extremely wealthy individuals
as residents. More
about Monaco
Montenegro
Montenegro is one of Europe’s hidden secrets, but that could be
all about to change. The country became the world’s newest sovereign
state in 2006 when its population voted for independence, bringing to
an end the former Union of Serbia & Montenegro. Now this tiny republic
plans to put itself firmly back on the map. Visitors can relax on one
of 117 sandy beaches along the Adriatic coast, wander through the Old
Towns of Budva, Kotor or Bar, climb the peaks of Durmitor National Park,
raft down Europe’s deepest canyon, explore Europe’s last
virgin forest or sail into the continent’s southernmost fjord. More
about Montenegro
The Netherlands
The Netherlands is a lively mix of tradition, in the form of windmills
and tulips, and fast-paced modern European life. The Dutch are an affable
race, with a good sense of humour and a keen sense of how to enjoy
themselves, whether it be relaxing in the countryside or partying hard
in the big cities. Despite their country’s puritan past, they
are known for tolerance, or at least turning a blind eye. Known as
being largely flat (much of the country lies below sea level, and another
great swathe is made up of ‘polder’, or land reclaimed
from the sea), The Netherlands is an ideal destination for those who
enjoy pursuits like cycling or walking without over-exerting themselves.
But it is a cultured land as well, as the seemingly endless list of
great Dutch artists testifies.
The Netherlands’ roots in the arts stem from the 17th century,
the so-called ‘Golden Age’, which placed this tiny but rich
country at the forefront of European culture. The gaining of the upper
hand by imperial influence and the annexing of The Netherlands to the
far-flung empire of the Hapsburgs in the 16th century resulted in the
rebellion of the largely Protestant northern provinces of the Low Countries,
led by William of Orange and Nassau - this struggle for independence
would last until 1648. This was compounded by a remarkable growth in
Dutch sea power, as many Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the New
World and East Asia were seized. This reached its acme in 1689 when William
III of Orange became King of England - although the association was severed
on his death in 1702. The Dutch are enthusiastic Europeans, and the European
Union is the main focus of Dutch foreign policy. Their country is full
of interest, heritage and fun for the visitor. More
about The Netherlands
North Ireland
Occupying the north eastern corner of an island brimming with superlatives,
Northern Ireland contains many hidden facets of the Emerald Isle. This
small province enjoys a diverse terrain with a dramatic coastline,
gently rolling fields and the lush Mountains of Mourne. The capital,
Belfast, is a vibrant city with ornate Victorian architecture and lively
nightlife. Londonderry is one of the finest walled towns in Europe.
Both have been too long overshadowed by the ‘Troubles’,
but seem at last to be enjoying a more peaceful present. The Antrim
Coast is one of the most scenic shorelines in Britain, winding past
towering cliffs, sandy beaches, picturesque harbours and family resorts.
You can hike deep into the glacier-carved Glens of Antrim or walk along
the amazing volcanic columns of the Giant’s Causeway. Inland
lies Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the British Isles, and the Fermanagh
lakelands, sprinkled with tiny islands, wooded parks and monastic ruins.
The six counties of Northern Ireland belonged to the ancient and powerful
kingdom of Ulster. Tales of legendary heroes intertwine with those
of St Patrick, who spread Christianity from his base near Downpatrick.
The Ulster American Folk Park near Omagh, Old Bushmill’s whiskey
distillery, the Belleek pottery, crumbling castle ruins and the stately
mansions of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy offer more history and culture
in a friendly, easy-going country that is a delight to explore. More
about Northern Ireland
Norway
The breathtaking fjords of the southwest are Norway’s most dramatic
scenic features, but there are many other reasons to visit this sparsely
populated land on the northern fringe of Europe. The North Cape’s
midnight sun is rightly famous - here, far above the Arctic Circle, lies
the spectacularly situated town of Tromsø, where the sun never
rises in winter, nor sets in midsummer. Each of Norway’s four major
cities offers distinct appeal - Oslo is present-day capital and financial
center, Bergen is a picturesque former Hanseatic trading port and ‘gateway’ to
Fjordland, Stavanger is focal point of the Norwegian oil industry, and
Trondheim is a long-established center of Christian pilgrimage, and more
recently, technical research. In the sparsely populated wilderness that
lies between the main urban centres are such delights as Jostedalsbreen,
Europe’s largest glacier. There are opportunities to indulge in
outdoor activities including skiing, fishing and rock-climbing. Even
the less energetic can simply marvel at the awesome beauty of much of
the Norwegian countryside, with its countless steep-sided valleys, high
mountain lakes and unbelievable views. Norway is foremost a land for
those who love nature. However, it also offers a rich cultural experience,
as would be expected of such varied history, from the Vikings of the
eighth and ninth centuries, to later luminaries such as artist Edvard
Munch, author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and composer Edvard
Grieg, whose centenary Norway celebrated during 2007. The nation, one
of the worlds richest on a per capita basis since the discovery of oil
in the late 1960s, has been independent since 1905, when it devolved
from Swedish rule, and remains outside the European Union. Norway has
developed an important role in international politics over recent decades,
and is rated as the world’s most peaceful nation by the Global
Peace Index. More
about Norway
Poland
Situated at the center of Europe, and the largest of the former Eastern
European states, Poland’s position is crucial. Poland has become
one of the major destinations for travelers. Its beauty can be admired
in both its old cities and in the wild scenery of its national parks
and nature reserves. The country’s regions are largely divided
into horizontal bands: the Baltic Coast and the hilly post-glacial
lake district. Central Poland is split into northern lowlands and southern
uplands, including the Kraków-Wielun Upland with its limestone
areas, caves and medieval castles. The Carpathian Mountains, including
the Tatras, lie in the extreme south; their mountain scenery, folklore
and sports facilities contributing to their charm. Poland is a nation
with a proud cultural heritage, and theatre, music and opera companies
abound. The former textile city of Lodz is proud of its film school,
alma mater to directors Roman Polanski and Krzysztof Kieslowski. There
is also a strong tradition of graphic design and glassware.Although
the native soil for composer Frederick Chopin, scientist Marie Curie
(neé Skladowska) and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, Poland
is best remembered for being the birthplace of the former Soviet bloc’s
first officially recognized independent mass political movement when
strikes at the Gdansk shipyard in August 1980 led to agreement with
the authorities on the establishment of the Solidarnosc (Solidarity)
trade union. Elections in summer 1989 ushered in eastern Europe’s
first post-Communist government. Poland is a member of the European
Union and has achieved success in creating a market economy and attracting
foreign investment. Growth is slow-moving and growing pains are apparent
in the high unemployment rate and mass exodus of qualified people to
other countries in search of a decent wage, but the potential exists
for a healthier economy. More
about Poland
Portugal
Though overshadowed by its more popular neighbour to the east, Portugal
remains one of Europe's unspoilt gems. This land of traditional villages
and vibrant cities has a countryside strewn with historical treasures
and a wide assortment of World Heritage sites - natural and cultural
wonders that offer a window into this once great seafaring nation.
Lively cities Portugal's lively capital, Lisbon, and its northern sibling,
Porto, are magical places for the wanderer, with picturesque neighbourhoods,
broad plazas and old-fashioned trams still rattling through the streets.
Both cities have their share of enticing urban life, with eclectic
restaurants, colourful boutiques, bohemian cafes and stylish nightclubs
that make good use of the waterside setting. Smaller towns offer their
own enchantment, with well-preserved medieval quarters that invite
exploring in towns like Évora, Coimbra, Guimarães and
Braga . Scenic countryside
Outside the cities, travellers can enjoy Portugal's warm sunny weather
exploring centuries-old vineyards, visiting stone villages in the mountains
or soaking up rays on the magnificent southern shoreline. Dramatic scenery
lies all along the coast from windswept cliffs with edge-of-the-world
views to wild dune-covered beaches. More than just a static backdrop,
the scenery sets the stage for outdoor adventure. Hiking, surfing, windsurfing,
horse-riding, big game fishing, kayaking, diving, golfing and mountain
biking are a few ways to spend a sun-drenched afternoon. Portuguese culture
Those seeking a different slice of Portuguese culture can join in the
revelry at a traditional festival, discover the melancholic music of
fado (Portugal's answer to the Blues), sample the great fruits of the
sea or go port wine tasting. Perhaps best of all, visitors can stay overnight
in some beautiful settings, from converted medieval monasteries to sprawling
manor houses, elegant beach resorts to urban townhouses set in the heart
of a historic neighbourhood. More
about Portugal
Romania
Romania is the largest of the Balkan states, sitting at the crossroads
of Europe, whose nationals are proud of being ‘an island of Latinos’ in
a ‘sea of slavs’. The country has seen several empires
come and go - Roman, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian, all leaving their
legacy. Romania has a rich cultural and natural diversity. Its dramatic
mountain scenery includes the densely forested Carpathian Mountains,
the Danube Delta (the largest wetland in Europe) and 70km (43 miles)
of fine white sandy beaches on the Black Sea Coast. In picturesque
valleys and on mountain slopes are many health and winter resorts.
Romania’s cultural heritage can be experienced in the Saxon towns
of Transylvania, also home to Bran Castle, of Dracula fame, the painted
monasteries of Bucovina and the rural village idyll of Maramures. The
capital, Bucharest, earned the nickname ‘Paris of the Balkans’,
but it is the stunning medieval city of Sibiu in Transylvania that
was crowned European Capital of Culture 2007. Since the overthrow of
Nicolae Ceausescu’s communist dictatorship in 1989, Romania has
been working towards the twin goals of gaining admission to NATO, which
it joined in 2004, and the European Union, which it achieved in January
2007, behind some of its neighbours. More
about Romania
Russia
The history of the Russian Federation is long and brutal. It is apparent
on every corner of the country’s awesome cities, such as Moscow
and St Petersburg, as well as in its lesser-known towns such as Novgorod,
Kazan and Tomsk. But it also dwells in huge and remote expanses such
as Siberia, filled with ancient forests and the world’s largest
lake. Everything exists here on an inhuman scale. Since the 15th century,
when the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan III (the Great), annexed the
rival principalities of Rus, Russia’s ambitions have been as
great as this first national sovereign’s appellation. It took
Ivan the Terrible’s capture of the Tatar capital Kazan in 1552
and his subsequent annexation of Siberia, followed by Peter the Great’s
expansion to the Baltic and the building of St Petersburg as his ‘window
on Europe’ in the early 18th century, to create the vast nation
we know as Russia today. Modern Russia came bloodily to life in 1917
with a popular revolution followed by a coup that brought the Bolsheviks
and Lenin to power. The repressive downward spiral that followed was
one of the 20th century’s great crimes, with millions killed
in the gulag labour camps. Communism finally ended in 1991, but Russia’s
problems are still very much in evidence. This is despite the fact
that the country has become an oil and gas superpower under outgoing
President Vladimir Putin. The largest country on earth, and doubtless
one of the most fascinating and challenging, Russia is an experience
as much as it is a destination. It is also far more likely to be an
adventure rather than a holiday, although things are getting easier
every year for travellers. Perhaps more than almost any other country,
researching some Russian history and cultural norms, and knowing a
smattering of the language, will enormously enhance any visit. More
about Russia
Scotland
Scotland is famous primarily for its spectacular scenery, but it also
offers a rich historical and cultural heritage, together with a wide
range of activities. The populous central belt is the focus of most
economic activity, centred primarily on the major cities, Glasgow and
the Scottish capital Edinburgh. Scotland’s landscape is as varied
as it is beautiful. Rugged peaks sweep down to breathtaking lochs,
glistening in remote glens like Glen Affric near Inverness and Loch
Trool in Galloway. A straggling coastline, with white sandy beaches,
sheltered bays and rocky cliffs, looks out to the remote islands in
the Atlantic. To the south, the rolling hills of the Borders, lush
lowland pastures and extensive woodlands present a softer beauty. Edinburgh
is among the outstanding cities of the world, where the medieval Old
Town contrasts with the elegant Georgian New Town. Other towns, notably
Glasgow, display a wealth of Victorian architecture. Everywhere you
can find ancient castles and houses. Prehistoric forts, stone circles
and burial mounds can be explored, particularly at the Neolithic Heart
of Orkney, Scotland’s latest UNESCO World Heritage Site. Scotland’s
rich musical heritage has feet tapping to bagpipes, fiddles and accordions.
The best Celtic music can be heard at either the Girvan Traditional
Folk Festival in May or the Newcastle Festival in July. While the Edinburgh
Festival in August is of course an unmissable event on the calendar.
A paradise for outdoor enthusiasts, play golf on the world’s
most famous course at St Andrews; go fishing, sailing, diving or join
the walkers, cyclists and climbers on the hills, in woodlands and on
deserted country lanes. Finally, at the end of the day, relax with
Scotland’s greatest export, a dram of fine malt whisky. More
about Scotland
Serbia
Following civil war and the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia has survived
international sanctions and NATO bombing to emerge as one of Eastern
Europe’s hottest ‘undiscovered’ destinations. The
capital Belgrade has plenty to offer, with excellent museums and galleries,
a wide range of restaurants and cafes, and some of the best nightlife
in southeast Europe. Away from the capital, Novi Sad is an attractive,
lively city with an elegant center and picturesque fortress overlooking
over the Danube. In the far north, Subotica has an array of secessionist
architecture and a notable Hungarian character. The province of Vojvodina,
north of Belgrade, has some excellent wetland habitat that is home
to numerous bird species, while south of the capital, the countryside
consists of lush, wooded valleys with hidden-away Orthodox monasteries.
Scattered among the country’s more mountainous regions are a
number of vast national parks. More
about Serbia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is no mere adjunct to the Czech Republic. It is well
deserving of attention in its own right. It is a country that sweeps
from the mighty Tatra Mountains through lowlands, canyons, caves and
meadows. There are year-round activities, from hiking in the summer
to skiing in the winter, and its capital, Bratislava, is a highlight
amongst a sprinkling of appealing towns and cities. The Slovak Republic
may have been the ‘junior partner’ throughout its alliance
with the Czech Republic, but it is now emerging as part of the expanded
EU and is an increasingly popular business and leisure destination.
The separation of Czechoslovakia into its constituent parts (the Czech
and Slovak Republics) on 1 January 1993 in the ‘Velvet Divorce’ was
achieved peacefully. It had not been a long marriage as at the end
of WWI, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, came the birth
of Czechoslovakia. WWII brought Nazi occupation with the Russians moving
in during the aftermath to make Czechoslovakia part of the Soviet Union.
Democracy finally came in 1990 with the appointment of Václav
Havel as president. However, the Slovaks were worried about the crash
economic reform program planned by Havel and the two nations parted
amicably. More
about Slovakia
Slovenia
One of the smallest countries in Europe, Slovenia more than justifies
the ‘Europe in Miniature’ hype. Tucked in an enviable geographical
position between the Alps and the Mediterranean, it is blessed with
spectacular mountains, thick forests and an Adriatic coastline. Following
the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during WWI, Slovenia
became a part of the new ‘Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes’ in
1918, later Yugoslavia. After WWII, Tito created Socialist Yugoslavia.
Following his death in 1980, the economic and political situation deteriorated
and led to a series of regional conflicts in the early 1990s. Slovenia
was the first republic to break away, achieving independence relatively
peacefully in 1991. Slovenia was always the most prosperous region
in Yugoslavia and it has successfully made the transition from a socialist
economy to a capitalist free market one: it was first of the former
Yugoslavian states to join the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro in 2007.
Picturesque Ljubljana, the capital, is the starting point for a wide
range of excursions. Situated in the heart of Slovenia, draped along
the banks of the Ljubljanica River, the capital is within a two-hour
drive of all the state borders. More
about Slovenia
Spain
The straw donkey and sombrero image of Spain is now largely consigned
to the bin - along with the paella and chips. In its place comes a
sheaf of sparkling and evocative new images, as the visitor trend turns
from sun-and-fun package holidays to individually tailored, more sophisticated
themes. Spain is a country on the move, a place of rapid change. High-speed
railways have conquered the country’s mountainous terrain and
many cities now have modern metro and tram networks, testifying to
a vibrant and growing economy. But here, too, you will find a country
where time stands still, where Roman columns rise into a clear blue
sky, where crumbling Arab watchtowers maintain a lonely vigil over
vast and magnificent landscapes, and city plazas where the baroque
jostles with the modern to strike a uniquely Spanish harmony. The historic
cities of Spain are drenched in the atmosphere of the past, but well
equipped to meet modern needs as well. The countryside is infinitely
varied, from the ‘Green Spain’ of the rugged Atlantic coast
to the parched plains of Castile and La Mancha. The open roads across
endless open spaces produce a steady stream of surprises, with hidden
villages and unexpected castles, shepherds roaming with their flocks
and hilltop windmills appearing unexpectedly. It is a great country
for touring. Rich in history and natural beauty and with more than
a fair share of sunshine Spain is a year-round, natural choice for
many different kinds of holiday, from outdoor adventures to world-class
museums and art galleries to an infinite variety of popular beaches
and secluded coves. Not least the people are warm and welcoming - and
they know how to party. The Spanish experience would be incomplete
without joining in at least one of its famous fiestas. More
about Spain
Sweden
Sweden is a land of cultural contrast, from the Danish influence of the
southwest to the nomadic Laplanders in the wild Arctic north. And while
urban Sweden is stylish, modern and sophisticated, the countryside
offers many simpler pleasures for those in search of tranquillity.
Sweden’s scenery has a gentler charm than that of neighbouring
Norway’s rugged coast. Much of Sweden is forested, and there
are thousands of lakes, notably large stretches of water between Gothenburg
and the capital, Stockholm. The lakeside resort of Östersund,
in the center of Sweden, is popular with Scandinavians, but most visitors
opt first for the cities and the Baltic islands: the largest island,
Gotland, with its array of ruined medieval churches, is a particular
highlight. Another major attraction is the so-called ‘Kingdom
of Crystal’, a forested area between Malmö and Stockholm
boasting many fine glassworks. Historically, Sweden has an interesting
story. Its contacts with the outside world began in earnest during
Viking times, when in addition to the well-documented raiding, there
was extensive trading around the Baltic, primarily dealing in furs
and weaponry. Swedish connections with the other Scandinavian countries,
Norway and Denmark, have been strong since late medieval times. The
monarchies of all three are closely linked, and at various times, one
king or queen has ruled over more than one of the countries. Indeed,
Norway only fully shed Swedish control for the last time in the early
years of the 20th century. The land and its people have an air of reserved
calm, and while best known for its automotive and musical exports -
Volvo and Abba are household names - a strong historical undertone
bubbles close beneath the surface. Nowhere is this more apparent than
in Stockholm, where dozens of museums, medieval and baroque edifices
housing boutiques and cafes overlook the attractive harbour. More
about Sweden
Switzerland
Small, mountainous and wealthy, with a population of just 7.5 million,
Switzerland is renowned for its enviable quality of life in a country
that ticks along like clockwork. Its products are sought after the
world over, from its delicious cheese and chocolate to luxurious watches
whose timekeeping is as sharp as a Swiss Army Knife, another popular
export from this sophisticated Alpine nation. Switzerland’s famed
political neutrality, financial power and isolated location, ring-fenced
by breathtaking mountains, have enabled it to play a safe but central
role in European affairs. The conveniently central location in the
middle of Europe has also made Switzerland a favourite meeting place
for conventions and international conferences - Geneva, for instance,
is home to the United Nations. Switzerland is not only a place for
professionals, though. As a stylish tourist destination it offers such
top ski resorts as Zermatt, Verbier and celebrity-studded St Moritz,
while the white peaks of mountains set against blue skies make a wonderful
backdrop for summertime hiking. The ancient capital of Berne provides
superb opportunities for sightseeing, shopping and traditional folk
entertainment while the largest city, Zürich leads the way in
arts, design and nightlife, from opera and world-class theatre to stylish
bars and nightclubs. Switzerland’s unique political model is
based on consensus-building, and, considering that the country consists
of several culturally different groups speaking different languages
(Swiss German, French, Italian and Romansch), its peaceful domestic
situation is admirable. And while the Swiss in practice have been neutral
in foreign affairs for several centuries, they are increasingly willing
to get more involved in world affairs and deploy the skills in democracy
and diplomacy they have developed domestically on the international
stage. Switzerland finally joined the United Nations in 2002, and signed
the Schengen treaty in 2005, showing their support for the European
Union. More
about Switzerland
Ukraine
One of the largest and most varied countries in Europe, Ukraine takes
in the spectacular Carpathian Mountains in the west, the history-rich
central plains and the stunning Black Sea coast in the south. The Crimean
Peninsula, ethnically more Russian than Ukrainian, remains a huge draw
for holidaymakers from Russia every summer. Ukraine’s capital,
Kyiv, is the origin of the Kyiv Rus state, founded in the eighth and
ninth centuries, and the origin of the Russian state. Striking examples
of baroque and Renaissance architecture can be found in Lviv, one of
Europe’s oldest cities, while Odessa is probably best known for
the Potemkin Stairway, but is also home to one of the world’s
largest opera houses. Historically part of the Russian Empire since
the 1650s, and later incorporated into the Soviet Union, Ukraine gained
its independence in 1991 following the failed Moscow coup of August
that year. The country came to international attention in late 2004
when 10 days of mass protests over electoral fraud led to a re-run
of the presidential election and the eventual declaration of Viktor
Yushchenko as president. The people’s Orange Revolution undoubtedly
raised Ukraine’s profile abroad and the country is beginning
to find its place on the tourist map. More
about Ukraine
United Kingdom
Despite its relatively small size, the United Kingdom is one of the most
culturally diverse countries on Earth, peopled by four main ‘native’ nationalities,
plus later arrivals from all over the world. The United Kingdom consists
of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), plus Northern Ireland.
The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (principally Jersey and Guernsey)
are also parts of the British Isles, but somewhat confusingly not officially
part of the UK. The UK is also a topically diverse country, with such
landscapes as the rolling moors of Yorkshire, the lakes and mountains
of the Lake District and Scotland, and the ancient forests of Nottinghamshire
or the stunning beaches of Wales. All this, as well as genteel villages
with chocolate-box cottages or vibrant cities at the forefront of modernity,
means the UK has something to offer everyone. London is the natural
starting point for visitors and is a great introduction to this varied
country, with famous sights such as the Houses of Parliament and the
London Eye and renowned exhibitions in the National Gallery, Natural
History Museum and Tower of London. Not far out from the capital are
the university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, with their elegant architecture,
and Windsor, home to the Queen’s famous castle residence. The
British seaside is at its best in the south coast resorts of Brighton
and Bournemouth or the harbour villages in Cornwall, Dorset and Devon.
For more beautiful, wilder, windswept beaches, head to the Pembrokeshire
coast of Wales or the Scottish islands of Skye, Shetland and Orkney.
Walkers have no end of choice with hundreds of miles of hiking trails
in the hilly Peak District, the mountainous Lake District, Wales and
Scotland or along the coastal paths of southern England. For more gentle
pursuits, pretty villages of the Cotswolds and Suffolk offer endless
photo opportunities of thatched cottages or leaning timber-framed houses. More
about United Kingdom
Wales
Wales is a historic land of castles and mountains, sweeping beaches and
strong national identity dating back to pre-Norman times and reinforced
in 1999, when Wales was granted its own assembly. The capital, Cardiff,
has seen extensive regeneration, both in the city center and the nearby
Cardiff Bay area, which is now seen as a major entertainment and administrative
center. In the rural north, farming and tourism continue to be the
main sources of income. Populous south Wales incorporates Cardiff,
the cities of Swansea and Newport, Carmarthen Bay and two national
parks, Pembrokeshire Coast and Brecon Beacons. The Cambrian Mountains
and the attractive coastal resorts of Cardigan Bay are highlights of
mid Wales, while the north has popular seaside resorts like Llandudno
and Rhyl, the island of Anglesey and the scenic delights of Snowdonia
National Park. More
about Wales |
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